{"id":933,"date":"2010-01-01T07:29:00","date_gmt":"2010-01-01T05:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bronicable.com\/en\/uncategorized\/on-this-day-in-bulgaria-july-29\/"},"modified":"2026-07-23T13:27:06","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T11:27:06","slug":"on-this-day-in-bulgaria-july-29","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bronicable.com\/en\/on-this-day-in-bulgaria\/on-this-day-in-bulgaria-july-29\/","title":{"rendered":"On This Day in Bulgaria: July 29"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Nearly a thousand years separate the two July 29 entries in Bulgarian history \u2014 one a catastrophe that ended an empire, the other a modest step into a new market economy.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>July 29, 1014 \u2014 The Battle of Kleidion Breaks an Empire<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Byzantine Emperor Basil II inflicted a devastating defeat on the army of Bulgarian Tsar Samuil at the mountain pass of Kleidion, near the modern village of Klyuch. After Bulgarian forces had held the fortified pass for days, a Byzantine general slipped through the surrounding hills and struck from the rear, collapsing the defense and taking thousands of prisoners.<\/p>\n<p>That defeat, and the brutal treatment of the captives that followed, effectively broke Bulgarian military power \u2014 it is no accident that Basil II is remembered by the byname &#8220;the Bulgar-slayer.&#8221; Within four years Byzantium had conquered the rest of the First Bulgarian Empire, ending nearly three and a half centuries of Bulgarian statehood.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>July 29, 1992 \u2014 Supporting Bulgaria&#8217;s Travel Industry<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The Bulgarian Association of Travel Agents was established to help organize and professionalize the tourism sector as it adjusted to a market economy. For an industry used to state management, it was a step toward self-regulation and toward representation before the institutions.<\/p>\n<p>It was a practical response to a new era, after decades of state-controlled travel and centrally planned resorts along the Black Sea coast. In the years of transition, associations like it helped private initiative find a common framework and clearer rules.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On this day in Bulgarian history: the Battle of Kleidion devastated Tsar Samuil\u2019s army in 1014, and the Bulgarian Association of Travel Agents was founded in 1992.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3412,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-933","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-on-this-day-in-bulgaria","latest_post"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>On This Day in Bulgaria: July 29 History<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"On this day in Bulgaria, July 29: the Battle of Kleidion devastated 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